Neurofeedback is one of the best-studied non-pharmacological approaches for ADHD/ADD. This page summarizes the current state of research – from study evidence and training protocols to costs and where to find practitioners.
What is ADHD/ADD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD, without hyperactivity) are among the most common neuropsychiatric conditions in childhood and adolescence. Approximately 5–7 % of children and 2–5 % of adults are affected.
The three core symptoms are:
- Inattention – Difficulty sustaining attention
- Impulsivity – Acting without thinking, difficulty waiting
- Hyperactivity – Excessive motor activity (not present in ADD)
Clinical guidelines recommend a multimodal treatment approach that includes psychoeducation, behavioral therapy and medication when needed. Neurofeedback is used as a complementary method.
How Does Neurofeedback Work for ADHD/ADD?
Neurofeedback aims to train self-regulation of the brain areas associated with attention, impulse control and concentration. Sensors on the scalp measure brainwaves (EEG) in real time, which are then displayed as visual or auditory feedback.
The two most common training protocols:
Theta/Beta Training
Children with ADHD typically show elevated slow theta waves and reduced fast beta waves. The training aims to normalize this ratio – reducing theta and increasing beta – to improve attention.
SCP Training (Slow Cortical Potentials)
In SCP training, children learn to voluntarily control cortical excitability. They practice deliberately activating or calming the brain – a fundamental self-regulation skill.
Study Evidence: What Does the Research Say?
Overview: Neurofeedback for ADHD/ADD is the most extensively researched application of neurofeedback. Multiple meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials demonstrate significant improvements in inattention and impulsivity.
Meta-Analysis: Zhong et al. 2025 (Scientific Reports)
Neurofeedback significantly improves impulse control (p < 0.0001) and working memory (p < 0.05). Crucially: Significant cognitive improvements only emerge after >21 hours of total training. Read more →
Meta-Analysis: Arns et al. 2009 / Van Doren et al. 2019
Significant effects on inattention and impulsivity. The European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG) classifies neurofeedback as a treatment option based on this evidence.
RCT: Strehl et al. 2017
The effects of neurofeedback training persist beyond the end of training – an important criterion for clinical relevance.
→ More studies: Selected Neurofeedback Studies (8 ADHD studies in detail)
Neurofeedback for ADHD/ADD in Practice
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Typical number of sessions | 25–40 sessions (>21 hours total training recommended) |
| Frequency | 2× per week |
| Session duration | 45–60 minutes |
| Age group | From approx. 6 years (most common: 7–14 years) |
| Most common provider | Occupational therapy practices (~80 % of all providers in Germany) |
| Cost per session | Approx. 80–150 € |
| Insurance coverage? | Can be billed through statutory health insurance as part of occupational therapy (with prescription) in Germany |
Tip: Waiting Times
Occupational therapy practices in Germany often have waiting times of several months. Those who want to start sooner can contact specialized neurofeedback practices as self-pay patients.
Important Notes
Neurofeedback is not a substitute for medical or psychotherapeutic treatment of ADHD/ADD. In practice, it is used as a complementary method within a multimodal treatment concept. Existing medications should not be changed without consulting a physician.
ADHD/ADD should be diagnosed by an experienced physician or psychologist. Neurofeedback does not replace diagnostic assessment.
Professional Neurofeedback Equipment
The MindMaster devices from Mindfield are professional EEG neurofeedback amplifiers for clinical practice and research.
Further Information
- FAQ Neurofeedback – Frequently asked questions about neurofeedback
- Neurofeedback Introduction – Fundamentals and how it works
- Current Studies 2025/2026 – The latest research
- Selected Neurofeedback Studies – Classic studies in detail
- Studies Hub – Studies with Mindfield products
- Neurofeedback Applications – All areas of application