FAQ Biofeedback

Biofeedback is a scientifically established training method in which body processes such as heart rate, skin conductance, muscle tension, breathing, or temperature are measured and fed back in real time. Through this feedback, users learn to become aware of normally unconscious body functions and to influence them deliberately.

The method is based on the principle of operant conditioning: Desired changes (e.g., deeper breathing, lower skin conductance) are reinforced by positive signals. This creates a learning effect that can be maintained over time even without devices.

→ Detailed explanation: Biofeedback Introduction

Biofeedback measures and trains peripheral body functions such as skin conductance (EDA), skin temperature, heart rate variability (HRV), muscle tension (EMG), or breathing.

Neurofeedback is a specialized form of biofeedback that focuses on brain activity (EEG). It is primarily used for ADHD, epilepsy, and other neurological conditions.

Both methods use the same basic principle – feedback of body signals for self-regulation – but differ in the measured parameter and application areas.

→ More about neurofeedback: FAQ Neurofeedback

Different parameters are used depending on the condition and training goal:

Professional systems like the MindMaster BioNeuro can measure up to 13 channels simultaneously. For mobile use, Mindfield offers the eSense sensors (EDA, temperature, pulse, breathing).

Yes, biofeedback is scientifically studied and supported for numerous application areas:

• Migraine and tension headaches: Recommended in clinical guidelines, meta-analyses show significant reduction in attack frequency (Nestoriuc & Martin, 2007).
• Stress management: HRV biofeedback improves autonomic regulation and reduces stress symptoms (Lehrer & Gevirtz, 2014).
• Chronic pain: EMG biofeedback shows positive effects for back pain and fibromyalgia.
• Incontinence: EMG biofeedback for pelvic floor training is a guideline recommendation for urinary and fecal incontinence.
• Hypertension: HRV and temperature biofeedback can support blood pressure reduction (Greenhalgh et al., 2010).
• Anxiety disorders: EDA and HRV biofeedback support emotional regulation.

Biofeedback is recommended as a complementary method in many medical guidelines and is classified as a safe, non-invasive approach.

For an overview of current studies, visit our Studies Overview.

Biofeedback is used as a complementary approach for a wide range of conditions:

• Stress management and burnout prevention – HRV and EDA training
• Migraine and tension headaches – Temperature and EMG feedback
• Chronic pain – EMG biofeedback for back, neck, and jaw pain
• Urinary and fecal incontinence – Pelvic floor training with EMG feedback
• Anxiety disorders and PTSD – EDA and breathing feedback for emotional regulation
• Hypertension – HRV training for blood pressure regulation
• Sleep disorders – Relaxation training with various parameters
• Rehabilitation – EMG feedback after stroke or injuries
• Peak performance – Performance optimization in sports and professional settings

→ All applications in detail: Biofeedback Applications

EMG biofeedback is an established method for strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and is used for urinary and fecal incontinence. Sensors measure the pelvic floor muscle tension and provide real-time feedback, helping users learn to target and control the correct muscles.

Suitable for:

• Women after childbirth (stress incontinence)
• Men after prostate surgery
• Older adults with pelvic floor weakness
• Preventive pelvic floor training

EMG biofeedback for incontinence is recommended in medical guidelines. Typically 10–20 sessions are carried out, after which training can be continued independently.

Yes, particularly neurofeedback (EEG-based biofeedback) is used as a complementary approach for ADHD and is most extensively studied here. The goal is to train the brain areas associated with attention and impulse control.

Peripheral biofeedback can also support ADHD management:

• HRV biofeedback: Improving self-regulation and stress coping
• EDA biofeedback: Training arousal regulation

For ADHD, typically 20–40 sessions are recommended.

→ More: FAQ Neurofeedback

A typical biofeedback session lasts 30–60 minutes:

1. Preparation: Sensors are attached to the relevant body areas (e.g., fingers for EDA/temperature, chest for breathing, muscle for EMG). This is painless and non-invasive.
2. Training: The measured values are visualized on a screen or fed back acoustically. Through targeted exercises (breathing, relaxation, muscle activation), the user learns to change the values in the desired direction.
3. Evaluation: The therapist or trainer reviews the results and adjusts the training accordingly.

Initial successes often appear after 3–5 sessions, while sustained effects typically require training over several weeks.

The number of sessions depends on the application:

Regular training is important. The techniques learned can be applied long-term in daily life to maintain the effects.

Yes, there are mobile biofeedback devices for home use that are controlled via smartphone apps. These are particularly suitable for:

• Regular relaxation and stress training
• Complementing professional therapy
• Monitoring training progress between sessions

Mindfield offers eSense sensors – mobile biofeedback devices for various parameters:

• eSense Skin Response – Skin conductance (stress, relaxation)
• eSense Temperature – Skin temperature (blood flow)
• eSense Pulse – Heart rate variability (HRV)
• eSense Respiration – Breathing training

It is recommended to start training with a qualified therapist or trainer before transitioning to self-use at home.

Biofeedback is provided by various qualified professionals:

• Physical therapists – especially for pain management and incontinence
• Occupational therapists – frequently for ADHD and stress management
• Psychotherapists – for anxiety, stress, and psychosomatic complaints
• Physicians – especially neurologists and rehabilitation medicine specialists
• Alternative medicine practitioners with biofeedback training

Recognized training and certification bodies include:

• German Society for Biofeedback (DGBfb) – continuing education and provider directory
• Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA) – international standard

Costs depend on whether professional sessions or home devices are used:

Professional sessions:

• Single session: approx. €50–150 (depending on provider, region, and duration)
• Total cost (10–20 sessions): approx. €500–3,000

Home devices:

• Mobile sensors (e.g., eSense): from approx. €150 per sensor
• Professional multi-channel devices: from approx. €2,000

It is advisable to have an initial consultation to discuss expected duration and costs.

Coverage varies by country and insurance type. In the German-speaking region:

Statutory health insurance (GKV): Biofeedback as a standalone therapy is not a standard benefit. However, biofeedback is often provided within the framework of occupational therapy, physical therapy, or behavioral therapy, which are covered. With a physician’s prescription (e.g., for physical therapy for incontinence or occupational therapy for ADHD), costs can be covered.

Private health insurance (PKV): Many private insurers reimburse biofeedback when supported by a medical referral, particularly for migraine, chronic pain, incontinence, or ADHD.

Self-pay: Those who prefer not to wait for a therapy slot can pay privately or purchase a home device for self-training.

Recommendation: Clarify coverage with your health insurer before starting treatment.

Yes, biofeedback is considered a safe, non-invasive, and medication-free method. Only sensors are used to capture body data – no stimuli, electrical current, or medication is applied.

Biofeedback is suitable for people of all ages, from children to seniors. Serious side effects are not documented in the scientific literature.

Biofeedback is not a substitute for medical or psychotherapeutic treatment but is used as a complementary approach. Existing medications should not be changed without consulting a physician.

Biofeedback may be less effective in certain situations:

• Insufficient motivation: Like any training, the user’s active participation is essential
• Unrealistic expectations: Biofeedback is a learning process, not an instant solution
• Lack of integration: The techniques learned must be applied in daily life for lasting effects
• Unsuitable indication: Not every condition responds equally well to biofeedback – professional consultation is important

If in doubt, consult an experienced therapist or trainer to assess whether biofeedback is suitable for your individual situation.