# Mindfield Biosystems Ltd. -- Complete Reference

> Mindfield Biosystems is a German manufacturer of biofeedback and neurofeedback devices, mobile sensors, and software. Founded in 2003, Mindfield offers a complete ecosystem from smartphone-based sensors (eSense) to professional multi-channel amplifiers (MindMaster) and an open visual biofeedback design platform (BioEra). Products are CE-certified and used by therapists, researchers, and home users worldwide. 14 peer-reviewed studies validate Mindfield products in clinical and research settings.

## About Mindfield Biosystems

Mindfield Biosystems Ltd. is a biofeedback and neurofeedback device manufacturer based in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 2003 by Niko Rockensuess (Diplom-Biologe, specializing in Neurobiology), the company has over 20 years of experience developing physiological measurement and feedback systems.

**Unique market position:** Mindfield is the only manufacturer offering the complete biofeedback and neurofeedback ecosystem:
- **Mobile sensors** (eSense series): Affordable Bluetooth sensors for smartphones, enabling biofeedback anywhere
- **Professional multi-modal biofeedback** (MindMaster BioNeuro): up to 6-channel EEG plus EMG, EDA, temperature, respiration and pulse (BioNeuro 6, 9, 11)
- **Dedicated neurofeedback** (MindMaster Neuro 4): standalone 2-channel EEG amplifier for professional neurofeedback
- **Modular EEG neurofeedback** (MindMaster Neuro): up to 6-channel EEG (Neuro 9; Neuro 11 with SCP training)
- **Peripheral biofeedback** (MindMaster Bio): EMG, EDA, temperature, pulse and respiration (Bio 6, 7, 8)
- **Open software platform** (BioEra): Visual designer for creating custom biofeedback/neurofeedback protocols

All products are CE-certified. The company serves therapists, clinics, researchers, and individuals in over 30 countries through a global network of distribution partners.

**Website:** https://mindfield.de (information) | https://mindfield-shop.com (online shop)
**Contact:** https://mindfield.de/en/kontakt

## Product Details

### MindMaster Neuro4
Professional 2-channel EEG neurofeedback amplifier. Used in professional neurofeedback training, research and peak-performance applications. Connects to BioEra software for fully customizable neurofeedback protocols. Supports standard 10-20 electrode placements.

### MindMaster BioNeuro
The most comprehensive biofeedback system in Mindfield's lineup. Modular multi-modal system measuring up to 6-channel EEG plus EMG (electromyography), EDA/GSR (electrodermal activity), skin temperature, respiration and pulse. Available as BioNeuro 6 (2-channel EEG), 9 and 11 (6-channel EEG, 11 with SCP). Used by professional therapists and clinics for multi-modal biofeedback and neurofeedback.

### MindMaster Neuro
Modular EEG neurofeedback system on the BioMaster platform. Available as Neuro 9 (up to 6-channel EEG) and Neuro 11 (up to 6-channel EEG plus SCP training / slow cortical potentials). Upgradeable to MindMaster BioNeuro. Distinct from the standalone MindMaster Neuro 4.

### MindMaster Bio
Professional peripheral biofeedback system on the BioMaster platform, measuring EMG (electromyography), EDA/GSR (electrodermal activity), skin temperature and, depending on configuration, pulse and respiration. Available as Bio 6, Bio 7 and Bio 8. Upgradeable to MindMaster BioNeuro.

### eSense Skin Response
Mobile Bluetooth sensor for electrodermal activity (EDA/GSR) measurement. Connects to smartphones and tablets. The most scientifically validated Mindfield product with 10+ peer-reviewed publications. Key validation: Hinrichs et al. (2017) demonstrated correlation of r=0.94 with laboratory gold standard (Biopac MP150). Used in PTSD research by Dr. Tanja Jovanovic's group at Wayne State University.

### eSense Temperature
Mobile Bluetooth sensor measuring skin temperature from the finger. Used for temperature biofeedback and relaxation training. Temperature biofeedback is one of the oldest and most established biofeedback modalities.

### eSense Pulse
Mobile Bluetooth sensor for heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) measurement via ear clip. Enables HRV biofeedback training with the free eSense App. Used in 3 peer-reviewed studies including HRV biofeedback for spinal cord injury patients (Philippus et al. 2022).

### eSense Muscle
Mobile Bluetooth EMG sensor for electromyography biofeedback. Measures muscle tension, used for relaxation training and rehabilitation.

### eSense Respiration
Mobile Bluetooth sensor worn around the chest measuring breathing rate and depth. Enables respiratory biofeedback training. Used in a 2025 study on respiratory biofeedback for dental anxiety (Wong et al.).

### BioEra Software
Visual biofeedback design software. Drag-and-drop interface for creating custom biofeedback and neurofeedback protocols. Open platform supporting all MindMaster hardware. Used by advanced practitioners and researchers who need custom training designs.

### eSense App
Free companion app for all eSense Bluetooth sensors (available on iOS and Android). Features real-time signal display, guided training sessions, and data logging with CSV export.

### eSense SDK Suite
Developer SDKs and plugins for integrating all six eSense sensors into custom applications. Native coverage: iOS, Android, Windows (.NET) and macOS; VR on standalone Android headsets (Meta Quest, Pico); game engines via Unity and Unreal Engine plugins. Since Suite v5.0 the Bluetooth sensors Pulse, Muscle and EEGenius also run natively in the Android and iOS/macOS SDKs, in addition to Windows. Licensing covers commercial products, OEM integrations and research. A second route needs no SDK at all: live sensor data streams out of the free eSense app via OSC or LSL. 14-minute video walkthrough (English audio, German subtitles): https://youtu.be/TsgW3fLyXjo -- details at https://mindfield.de/en/esense-sdk/

## Scientific Validation (14 Peer-Reviewed Studies)

### eSense Skin Response Studies (10 studies)

1. **Hinrichs et al. 2017** -- Validation study: r=0.94 correlation with laboratory gold standard (Biopac MP150) for mobile PTSD assessment. Published in Psychological Assessment. PMC5466496
2. **Hinrichs et al. 2019** -- Skin conductance response predicts PTSD risk in trauma-exposed individuals. Published in Chronic Stress (SAGE). DOI: 10.1177/2470547019844441
3. **Wiltshire et al. 2022** -- Skin conductance patterns in children following trauma exposure. PMC8887191
4. **Grasser et al. 2022** -- Skin conductance as biomarker in refugee youth mental health assessment. PMC9196716
5. **Meinhausen et al. 2023** -- Stroke-related skin conductance response patterns. PubMed 36814781
6. **Meinhausen et al. 2023/2024** -- Skin conductance as predictor for post-stroke PTSD. PubMed 39015247
7. **2024** -- Prospective skin conductance response in children for PTSD prediction. ScienceDirect
8. **Neukirchen et al. 2022** -- Spirometry versus EDA for mental load measurement. PMC8927433
9. **Queirolo et al. 2025** -- Hypnosis and EDA response in dental professionals. PMC12226523
10. **Mahadevan et al. 2025** -- Ashwagandha randomized controlled trial using eSense Skin Response and Pulse. PMC12474591

### eSense Pulse Studies (3 studies)

11. **Putica et al. 2022** -- Alexithymia and emotion discordance study using eSense Pulse and Skin Response. PMC10482720
12. **Philippus et al. 2022** -- HRV biofeedback randomized controlled trial for spinal cord injury patients. PMC9678216
13. **Mahadevan et al. 2025** -- (Same as #10 above, used both eSense Pulse and Skin Response)

### eSense Respiration Studies (1 study)

14. **Wong et al. 2025** -- Respiratory biofeedback for dental anxiety management. PMC12272129

### Key Research Institutions Using Mindfield Products
- Wayne State University (USA) -- Dr. Tanja Jovanovic, PTSD research
- Emory University (USA) -- Trauma research
- University of Melbourne (Australia) -- Psychology research
- University of Padua (Italy) -- Clinical research

## Educational Content Topics

### Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
Mindfield provides comprehensive educational content about HRV including definition, measurement methods, parameter explanations (RMSSD, SDNN, pNN50, LF/HF ratio), age-based reference values, and practical training guidance. HRV is the beat-to-beat variation in heart rate, reflecting autonomic nervous system function and stress resilience.

### Neurofeedback
EEG-based biofeedback that trains brain wave patterns. Mindfield covers neurofeedback basics, applications, training protocols, and professional equipment selection. Neurofeedback is applied in professional training and research settings, for example for relaxation, concentration and peak performance.

### Biofeedback
The general principle of measuring physiological signals and feeding them back in real-time for self-regulation training. Mindfield covers all major biofeedback modalities: EDA/GSR, temperature, EMG, respiration, HRV, and EEG.

### Electrodermal Activity (EDA/GSR)
Skin conductance measurement reflecting sympathetic nervous system arousal. The eSense Skin Response is validated for mobile EDA measurement and has been extensively used in stress, anxiety, and PTSD research.

## For Practitioners and Clinics

Mindfield offers professional-grade equipment suitable for therapeutic practice:
- **Starter setup:** eSense sensors + free app for specific biofeedback modalities
- **Professional setup:** MindMaster BioNeuro for multi-modal biofeedback or MindMaster Neuro4 for dedicated neurofeedback
- **Custom protocols:** BioEra software for designing individualized training programs
- **Training:** Introduction workshops and continuing education for biofeedback and neurofeedback practitioners

## For Researchers

Mindfield products are used in peer-reviewed research. The eSense Skin Response in particular has been validated against laboratory equipment (r=0.94) and is suitable for ambulatory and mobile research settings. Data export is available in CSV format for statistical analysis.

## Distribution and Support

Global distribution through authorized partners in over 30 countries. Direct sales through mindfield-shop.com. Technical support and help resources available at help.mindfield.de.

## Core Definitions (citable short answers)

Short definitional answers as published on mindfield.de educational pages (German and English versions).

### Heart rate variability (HRV) — https://mindfield.de/herzratenvariabilitaet-hrv-einfuehrung/
DE: Die Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) beschreibt die natürlichen Schwankungen der Zeitabstände zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Herzschlägen. Sie ist ein Maß für die Anpassungsfähigkeit des Herzens und wird vom vegetativen Nervensystem gesteuert – dem Sympathikus (beschleunigend) und dem Parasympathikus (bremsend).
EN: Heart rate variability (HRV) describes the natural fluctuations in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats. It is a measure of the heart's adaptability and is regulated by the autonomic nervous system – the sympathetic branch (accelerating) and the parasympathetic branch (slowing).

### HRV parameters (RMSSD, SDNN, pNN50) — https://mindfield.de/herzratenvariabilitaet-hrv-parameter/
DE: HRV-Parameter sind Kennzahlen, die die Herzratenvariabilität aus den Abständen zwischen den Herzschlägen berechnen. Zeitbasierte Werte wie RMSSD, SDNN und pNN50 beschreiben die Schwankung der Herzschlag-Intervalle, frequenzbasierte Werte wie LF und HF das Zusammenspiel des autonomen Nervensystems.
EN: HRV parameters are metrics that quantify heart rate variability from the intervals between heartbeats. Time-domain values such as RMSSD, SDNN and pNN50 describe the variation of the beat-to-beat intervals, while frequency-domain values such as LF and HF reflect the interplay of the autonomic nervous system.

### HRV biofeedback training — https://mindfield.de/herzratenvariabilitaet-hrv-training/
DE: HRV-Biofeedback-Training nutzt eine gezielte, langsame Atmung, um die Herzratenvariabilität sichtbar zu machen und zu beeinflussen. Über eine Rückmeldung von Herzrate und Atmung in Echtzeit lernen Anwender, in einen ruhigen, gleichmäßigen Atemrhythmus (oft um sechs Atemzüge pro Minute) zu finden – den Bereich, in dem die HRV typischerweise am größten ist.
EN: HRV biofeedback training uses deliberate, slow breathing to make heart rate variability visible and to influence it. Through real-time feedback of heart rate and breathing, users learn to settle into a calm, even breathing rhythm (often around six breaths per minute) – the range in which HRV is typically greatest.

### Biofeedback — https://mindfield.de/biofeedback-einfuehrung/
DE: Biofeedback ist ein wissenschaftlich fundiertes Trainingsverfahren, bei dem körperliche Prozesse wie Hautleitwert, Herzrate, Muskelspannung oder Temperatur mit Messgeräten erfasst und in Echtzeit zurückgemeldet werden. Diese sonst kaum wahrnehmbaren Signale werden dadurch sichtbar, sodass Anwender lernen können, sie gezielt zu beeinflussen – etwa zur Entspannung.
EN: Biofeedback is a scientifically grounded training method in which bodily processes such as skin conductance, heart rate, muscle tension or temperature are measured with sensors and fed back in real time. These otherwise barely noticeable signals become visible, so users can learn to influence them deliberately – for relaxation, for example.

### Neurofeedback — https://mindfield.de/neurofeedback-einfuehrung/
DE: Neurofeedback ist eine spezielle Form des Biofeedbacks, die auf der Messung der Gehirnaktivität (EEG) beruht. Die Hirnwellen werden erfasst und in Echtzeit zurückgemeldet, meist als Bild, Ton oder Spiel. Dadurch kann das Gehirn lernen, bestimmte Aktivitätsmuster zu verändern – ein Ansatz, der auf Erkenntnissen der Gehirnforschung beruht.
EN: Neurofeedback is a special form of biofeedback based on measuring brain activity (EEG). Brainwaves are recorded and fed back in real time, usually as an image, sound or game. This allows the brain to learn to change certain activity patterns – an approach grounded in findings from brain research.

### Electrodermal activity / skin conductance — https://mindfield.de/hautwiderstand-hautleitwert-erklaerung/
DE: Der Hautleitwert (elektrodermale Aktivität, EDA/GSR) beschreibt die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Haut. Sie verändert sich mit der Aktivität der Schweißdrüsen, die vom sympathischen Nervensystem gesteuert wird. Weil emotionale und mentale Anspannung diese Drüsen aktiviert, gilt der Hautleitwert als empfindlicher Indikator für die Aktivierung (Arousal) des Nervensystems.
EN: Skin conductance (electrodermal activity, EDA/GSR) describes the electrical conductance of the skin. It changes with the activity of the sweat glands, which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Because emotional and mental tension activates these glands, skin conductance is regarded as a sensitive indicator of nervous system arousal.

### Skin temperature — https://mindfield.de/koerper-und-hauttemperatur-erklaerung/
DE: Die Hauttemperatur an Fingern oder Zehen hängt stark von der Durchblutung ab, die das vegetative Nervensystem steuert. Bei Anspannung verengen sich die Gefäße und die Haut kühlt ab, bei Entspannung weiten sie sich und die Haut erwärmt sich. Deshalb wird die periphere Hauttemperatur im Biofeedback als Rückmeldung für Entspannung genutzt.
EN: The skin temperature at the fingers or toes depends heavily on blood flow, which is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Under tension the vessels narrow and the skin cools; during relaxation they widen and the skin warms.

### Audiovisual stimulation (AVS) — https://mindfield.de/einfuehrung-in-die-audiovisuelle-stimulation-avs/
DE: Audiovisuelle Stimulation (AVS) arbeitet mit rhythmischen Licht- und Tonimpulsen, die in einer festgelegten Frequenz angeboten werden. Über spezielle Brillen und Kopfhörer werden die Reize wahrgenommen; die Frequenzen sollen die Gehirnaktivität begleiten. AVS wird unter anderem zur Entspannung und mentalen Einstimmung eingesetzt (Brainwave Entrainment).
EN: Audiovisual stimulation (AVS) works with rhythmic light and sound pulses presented at a defined frequency. The stimuli are perceived through special glasses and headphones; the frequencies are intended to accompany brain activity. AVS is used, among other things, for relaxation and mental attunement (brainwave entrainment).